Internal habits in an endogenous growth model with elastic labor supply ¬リニ

a r t i c l e i n f o This paper studies the implications of introducing internal versus external habits in an endogenous growth model with elastic labor supply. We first show that the comparative-static effects of a shock in habits parameters are qualitatively different depending on how habits are specified. An increase in the weight of habits in utility raises long-run growth and labor supply in the external-habits model, whereas it reduces labor supply and has an ambiguous effect on long-run growth in the internal-habits model. Increasing the speed of adjustment of habits to current consumption has no effect on long-run values with external habits, but has a negative effect on long-run growth and labor supply with internal habits. Numerical simulations reveal that the qualitative differences are also quantitatively important. Finally, we illustrate the dynamic effects of an increase in productivity. On impact and in the long-run this shock has a positive effect on growth, labor supply and the savings rate in both models. However, along the transition labor supply exhibits a procyclical response to the productivity increase in the internal-habits model, but a countercyclical response in the external-habits model. These results could be helpful on the still open debate on whether habits are internally or externally formed. One way to generate smoothness in consumption, and in its rate of change, is by assuming the habit formation hypothesis in consumption, so that individual's utility depends on current consumption as well as on how it compares to a reference level — the habits stock. Therefore, this hypothesis has been widely used in various fields to explain, among other issues, the equity premium puzzle (Abel, 1990), the behavior of the savings rate (Carroll et al., 2000), the effects of monetary policy (Fuhrer, 2000) or, more recently, the life-cycle household allocations (Aydilek, 2013), the dynamics effects of oil price shocks (Schubert, 2014), and some stylized facts of business cycles (Khorunzhina, 2015). The literature distinguishes between internal habits (IH) formed from individual's own past consumption, and external habits (EH) formed from average economy-wide past consumption. Although recent empirical evidence provides support to the habit formation hypothesis, whether habits are internally or externally formed appears to be still an open question. This, together with the important role of habits in the recent macroeconomics literature, makes it interesting to analyze the different implications that introducing habits internal or externally formed could have on …